目录
类的继承
- 继承是为了拿到父类的所有东西
继承的特性
- 减少代码的冗余
- Python中父类和子类的对应关系是多对多
- 使用__bases__方法获取对象继承的类
# 父类(超类,基类)class FatherFoo: def __init__(self, first_name, money, car, house): self.first_name = first_name self.money = money self.car = car self.house = house def lixiang(self): print('理想')# 子类(派生类)class SonFoo(FatherFoo): passsf = SonFoo('叶', 3000, 'feng', '9')print(sf.first_name)print(sf.money)print(sf.car)print(sf.house)sf.lixiang()print(SonFoo.__bases__)
叶3000feng9理想(,)
不推荐使用继承,因为继承多个的时候,代码太混乱,最后是只继承一个父类
- 继承后查找顺序;从自身向上查找,对象-->类-->父类
class Foo: def f1(self): print('from Foo.f1') def f2(self): print('from Foo.f2') self.f1() # self是obj本身,也就是b,b中没有f1,所以去到Bar找 class Bar(Foo): def f1(self): print('Bar Foo.f1') b = Bar()print(b.__dict__)b.f2()
{}Foo.f2Bar.f1
类的派生
继承中当子类也有也有自己的init时,就会发生下面的情况
class Animal: def __init__(self, height, weight): self.height = height self.weight = weight def sleep(self): print('睡觉了') class Dog(Animal): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age d1 = Dog('shinubi', 3) # 只能传入name和ageprint(d1.__dict__)# print(d1.height) # 会报错# print(d1.weight)print(d1.name)print(d1.age)
{'name': 'shinubi', 'age': 3}shinubi3
这样的话就失去了继承的意义,因为继承就是要获取父类的所有属性,但这样就无法获取init里面的属性
解决方案一:
class Cat(Animal): def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age c1 = Cat('Tom', 2)Animal.__init__(c1, 50, 10) # 把实例对象c1当成参数传入Animal的init函数中print(c1.__dict__)
{'name': 'Tom', 'age': 2, 'height': 50, 'weight': 10}
但是这种方法和继承无关,即便Cat类不继承Animal也一样可以做到
解决方案二:
- 派生:继承父类属性的同时增加新的属性,然后使用super().__init__()
- 继承才可以使用,相当于是对方案一的一层封装
class Animal: def __init__(self, height, weight): self.height = height self.weight = weight def eat(self): print('吃') class Felidae: def __init__(self, gender): self.gender = gender def sleep(self): print('睡') class Dog(Animal, Felidae): def __init__(self, name, age, height, weight): # Python3可以不用填super()中的参数,默认是填了他自己 super().__init__(weight, height) # super(Dog, self).__init__(weight, height) self.name = name self.age = aged1 = Dog('shinubi', 3, 100, 80)print(d1.__dict__)
{'height': 80, 'weight': 100, 'name': 'shinubi', 'age': 3}
这里默认是会继承第一个父类的属性,如果要继承第二个或是两个都继承,可以把代码从两个父类一个子类,调整成父类-->父类-->子类的形式。
或者用如下方法:
# 继承Felidaeclass Cat(Animal, Felidae): def __init__(self, name, age, gender): # 添加第一个父类,就能找到第二个,我也不知道为什么,试出来的,现在没时间查 super(Animal, self).__init__(gender) self.name = name self.age = age c1 = Cat('Tom', 2, 'male')print(c1.__dict__)print('-' * 20)# 两个都继承class Cat(Animal, Felidae): def __init__(self, name, age, height, weight, gender): # 两个一起写就可以了,有没有别的办法我也不清楚,这也是试出来的 super(Cat, self).__init__(height, weight) super(Animal, self).__init__(gender) self.name = name self.age = age c1 = Cat('Tom', 2, 'male')print(c1.__dict__)
{'gender': 'male', 'name': 'Tom', 'age': 2}--------------------{'height': 50, 'weight': 10, 'gender': 'male', 'name': 'Tom', 'age': 2}
类的组合
将类组合在一起,解决类与类之间的代码冗余度
写一个简单的选课系统
class People: def __init__(self, name, gender): self.name = name self.gender = gender def eat(self): print(f'{self.name}开始吃了')class Student(People): def __init__(self, num, name, gender): super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender) def choose_course(self, course): self.course = course print(f'{self.name}选课{course.name}成功') class Teacher(People): def __init__(self, level, name, gender): super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender) self.level = level def scored(self, student, course, score): print(f'老师{self.name}给{student.name}课程{course.name}打分{score}') class Course: def __init__(self, name, price): self.name = name self.price = price class Admin(People): def create_course(self, name, price): course = Course(name, price) print(f'管理员{self.name}创建了课程{name}') return course# 对象创建 # 创建学生对象zhangsan = Student(1, 'zhangsan', 'male')lisi = Student(2, 'lisi', 'male') # 创建老师对象nick = Teacher(1, 'nick', 'male')tank = Teacher(2, 'tank', 'male')# 创建管理员baba = Admin('baba', 'male')# 业务逻辑# 1. 创建课程python = baba.create_course('Python', 8888)linux = baba.create_course('Linux', 6666)print(python.__dict__)print(linux.__dict__)print('-' * 20)# 2. 学生选择课程zhangsan.choose_course(python)lisi.choose_course(linux)print('-' * 20)# 3. 老师给学生打分nick.scored(zhangsan, python, '10')tank.scored(lisi, linux, '30')print('-' * 20)
管理员baba创建了课程Python管理员baba创建了课程Linux{'name': 'Python', 'price': 8888}{'name': 'Linux', 'price': 6666}--------------------zhangsan选课Python成功lisi选课Linux成功--------------------老师nick给zhangsan课程Python打分10老师tank给lisi课程Linux打分30--------------------